- Lexis - Word choice. Meaning at word and phrase level.
- Grammar - How the language is built i.e. the structure and rules which underpin how we form sentences
- Phonology/Phonetics/Prosodics - How we organise the sounds of our language to produce certain effects including rhythm, rhyme, intonation, stress, pauses etc.
- Pragmatics - How we know what language means when it is used in a specific context, sometimes described as 'reading between the lines'.
- Discourse - (i) how longer stretches of texture organised (cohesion - how it holds together e.g. use of discourse markers)
(ii) the way texts create identities for particular individuals, groups or institutions e.g. the discourse of law, politics, the media.
- Graphology - How the design of a text can contribute to meaning including use of fonts, graphics, colours etc.
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